@Article{TessaroloInno:2016:EvEnFo,
               author = "Tessarolo, Luciana de Freitas and Innocentini, Valdir",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Evaluation of entrainment formulations for liquid/gas plumes from 
                         underwater blowouts",
              journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans",
                 year = "2016",
               volume = "121",
               number = "7",
                pages = "5350--5366",
                month = "July",
             keywords = "entrainment, blowout, plume.",
             abstract = "A numerical model using the Lagrangian approach developed to 
                         simulate the fate of liquid/gas blowouts in deepwater is 
                         presented, and three entrainment formulations are tested: HOULT, 
                         JETLAG, and CORJET parameterizations, given by Hoult et al. 
                         (1969), Lee and Cheung (1990), and Jirka (2004), respectively. The 
                         results are discussed and compared with field and laboratory 
                         observations. These formulations differ both in shear and forced 
                         contributions to the entrainment. As expected, the qualitative 
                         analysis of the dynamics of a liquid plume shows that the 
                         entrainment of ambient water decreases the acceleration due to 
                         buoyancy, and the plume and ambient momentums become increasingly 
                         similar over time. However, simulations of field and laboratory 
                         cases, where different plumes (gas, liquid, and gas/liquid) were 
                         discharged into environments with different ambient 
                         stratifications and crossflows, show that the JETLAG 
                         parameterization provides the best results, while HOULT (CORJET) 
                         overestimates (underestimates) the entrainment. Additional 
                         numerical experiments applying only the JETLAG formulation are 
                         performed, considering different plume composition, ambient 
                         condition, nozzle diameter, and initial discharge. For all the 
                         studied cases, the simulated results are in good agreement with 
                         the observations. Especially noteworthy were field experiments 
                         with gas released at depth of 50-60 m. The vertical plume velocity 
                         decreased during the ascending motion, but after a certain level, 
                         the velocity increased. This feature was simulated by the JETLAG 
                         parameterization, and a closer analysis reveals the increase of 
                         buoyancy due to gas expansion exceeding the decrease caused by the 
                         entrainment. These results encourage the use of this model in 
                         realistic and complex situations.",
                  doi = "10.1002/2016JC011735",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011735",
                 issn = "2169-9275",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "tessarolo_evaluation.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "27 abr. 2024"
}